Blood is special type of fluid connective tissue derived from mesoderm .
Hematology
The branch of science concerned with the study of blood , blood forming tissues and the disorder associated with them .
Function of Blood
1) Transport of respiratory gases (02 and C02)
2) Transport of nutrients.
3) Transport of hormones and enzymes.
4) Maintains body temperature.
5) Maintains pH .
Properties of Blood
Colour :- Red due to presence of hemoglobin.
Mass :- 8% body mass.
pH :- slightly alkaline ph (7.35-7.45)
Taste :- salty
Viscosity :- 3-4 times more viscous than water.
Volume - 5-6 litre
Composition of Blood
Plasma
Plasma is clear slightly yellow coloured liquid , containing a large number of organic or inorganic substances that desolved in liquid
Plasma contains approximately 91% of water and 9%of solid
Of the solid about 7% plasma proteins which consists of serum albumin serum, golden serum,and fibrinogen
Other organic present are gulcose , amino acids and fatty acids , phospholipids, cholesterol ,hormones, enzymes antibodies ,etc
Inorganic substances are sodium, pottasium, calcium ,magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, chloride bicorbonate,
Also O2 CO2 N2 etc are present in plasma.
There are three types of Blood cells.
1) Red Blood cells (Erythrocyte)
2)white Blood cells ( Leukocytes)
3)platelet ( Thrbocytes)
Red Blood cells are also known as Erythrocytes.
Shape of RBCs is circular biconcave and non nucleated.
Mean diameter of RBCsis 7.2u
Colour of RBCs red is due to presence of hemoglobin.
Normal value of RBCs
In male - 4.5-5.5million/mm3
In female - 4-5 million/mm3
Lifespan of RBCs is 120 days
RBCs are counted on a special chamber called Neauber 's counting chambers.
Erythropoiesis
The production of RBCs is known as erythropoiesis.
Polycythemia:- increase in no of RBCs
Erythropenia :- decrease in no.of RBCs
Function of Red Blood cells
2) White Blood cells
White Blood cells are called leukocytes because they are colourless .
WBC are nucleated cells.
Lifespan of WBCS is 10 - 15 days.
External features of WBCs
In WBCs nucleus are present.
Shape is round.
Hemoglobin is absent.
WBCs Count
Normal count of WBC is 4000-11000wbc per cubic mm of blood.
In children it may 18-25 thousand cells per cubic mm .
Leukopoiesis :- leukopoiesis can be defined as the formation of WBC.
Variation in number of WBC
Types of WBC
On the basis of Morphology, the WBCs are broadly classified into two types:-
Differential Leukocytes Count
Hundred WBC are counted and the percentage of each type of cell is determined.
Granular WBC:- Neutrophil
Eosinophils
Basophil
Agranular WBC:- Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Differential Leukocytes Count
Neutrophil:- 50-70%
Eosinophil:- 1-4%
Basophil:- 0-1%
Lymphocytes:-20-40%
Monocytes:-2-8%
1)Neutrophil :-
1) they have a diameter of 10 to 12um and multi nucleus 2-5 lobes
2)They are produced in bone marrow.
3)They stain with neutral dye.(hematoxylin)
Function:- 1) first cell of immune system that responsed against bacteria and viral infection .
2) Engulf and destroy bacteria and other pathogen.
Terms used for and low neutrophil
Nitrophilia:- If neutrophil are higher than normal, more than70% the condition will called neutrophilia.
Neutropenia :- If nitrophiles and lower than the normal range less than 55% and the condition will call nitropenia.
2) Eosinophils
They form about 1-4% of the total WBCs.
They are slightly larger than neutrophil,with diameter of 10-14 um.
The nucleus is bilobed or spectacle shaped.
Produced in bone marrow.
Function:-
Have a role in allergic inflammation.
Terms used for and low Eosinophils
Eosinophilia :-High no. Of eosinophil more than normal (about 3%) is called eosinophilia.
Eosinopenia :-low no. Of eosinophil less than normal ( about 2%) is called eosinopenia.
3) Basophil
Basophils are the rarest liquids and which constituent only 0 to 1% of the total WBC
They have diameter obtained to 12um.
They are produced in bone marrow
Functions of basophil
Basophil role in causing the body to produce antibody called IGE during Allergic reaction and produce inflammation.
Terms used for high and low Basophil
Basophilia:- Basophil count more than 1 %is called basophilia.
Basopenia:- Basophils count less than 0.5% is called basopenia.
Agranulocytes WBCs:- Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
4)Monocytes:- they constituents about 2 to 8% of total WBC.
They are the largest lecocytes.
The diameter of a monocyte is 12 to 20um.
Monocytes are kidney shaped .
They produced in bone marrow
Functions of monocyte
They help in the development of cell mediated immunity.
They help in wound healing and tissue remodeling.
5)Lymphocytes
Smallest of WBCs.
Large round nucleus.
The constituents 20-40% of total WBC in adults.
Structurally they are two types:-
Large lymphocytes
Small lymphocytes
Functions of lymphocytes:-they produce antibody.
Platelets
Platelet are also called Thrombocytes.
Platelets are produced in bone marrow.
Platelets are small spherical nucleated mass of protoplasm.
Size:- 2-4um
Normal count:- 150000-400000/mm3
Lifespan - 5 - 9 days.
Function of platelets
Thrombopoiesis:- The production of platelet is known as thrombopoiesis.
Terms used for high and low Thrombocytes:-
Thrombocytosis:- increase in the number of a platelet.
Thrombocytopenia:- decrease in the number of a platelet.
